Wenjing Hu, Phyu Mi Ko, Archi Parikh
Project Smile Global
9/23/24
(Photograph of an apple and teeth model)
I. Introduction
One often overlooked aspect of overall health is oral health, which focuses on the well-being of the mouth, gums and teeth. Poor oral health can lead to a range of problems, including pain, discomfort, difficulty eating, and even systemic health issues. Nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining oral health, as a balanced diet provides the necessary nutrients to support the structure and function of the oral cavity. Vitamins, minerals, and proteins are essential for maintaining healthy teeth and gums, while adequate saliva production can help protect against tooth decay. However, certain foods and drinks can contribute to dental decay, highlighting the importance of understanding the relationship between nutrition and oral health. Understanding the relationship is important because a diet rich in essential vitamins and minerals can counteract decay and promote enamel remineralization. In areas where disparities in access to clean water and nutritious food can exacerbate oral health issues in underserved communities. Without equitable access to essential vitamins such as A, C, and D, which are crucial for maintaining healthy gums and enamel, individuals in these communities face higher risks of dental decay and gum disease (Mobley et al. 410)
II. The Role of Nutrition in Oral Health
Maintaining a vibrant smile and healthy teeth involves more than just routine brushing and flossing. Nutrition plays a pivotal role in supporting oral health by providing the essential nutrients necessary for strong teeth and gums (DeFabio). Vitamin A, for instance, is critical for maintaining oral tissue health by supporting the formation and preservation of tooth enamel, providing a protective barrier against decay and damage (DeFabio). Without adequate vitamin A levels, individuals are at risk of weakened enamel, which can increase the chances of dental infections such as cavities and gingivitis (DeFabio). Thus, foods rich in vitamin A, such as sweet potatoes, carrots, and leafy greens, should be incorporated for a balanced diet. Similarly, Vitamin C is necessary for gum health (DeFabio). This vitamin, known for its antioxidant properties, aids in collagen production—an essential protein for maintaining the vitality of gum tissue (DeFabio). A deficiency in vitamin C can lead to compromised gum repair and, consequently, gum bleeding and increased susceptibility to periodontal disease (DeFabio). Therefore, citrus fruits, berries, and leafy green vegetables are excellent sources of Vitamin C and should be consumed regularly to improve gum health (DeFabio). Lastly, Vitamin D, which is often referred to as the "sunshine vitamin," plays a crucial role in calcium absorption, a vital component for the development and maintenance of strong teeth and bones (DeFabio). Vitamin D also contributes to reducing inflammation and supporting the immune system, increasing protection against gum disease (DeFabio). Dietary sources of Vitamin D include fatty fish and fortified dairy products, while sunlight exposure helps the body produce this essential vitamin naturally (DeFabio).
Another cornerstone nutrient of oral health is minerals. Calcium is fundamental in maintaining the strength of teeth and bones by supporting (DeFabio) the formation of dental structures by contributing to the development of tooth enamel and dentin, as well as strengthening the jawbone and helping to prevent tooth loss and decay (DeFabio, 2023). Dairy products like milk, cheese, and yogurt are rich in calcium, but leafy greens and fortified foods also provide this crucial mineral (DeFabio). Tooth enamel, the hard outer layer of teeth, is essential for protecting teeth from decay (Tungare & Paranjpe). However, enamel can be demineralized by acids produced from sugary and acidic foods (Tungare & Paranjpe). The repair and strengthening of enamel is supported by various nutrients (Tungare & Paranjpe). Calcium and phosphorus are particularly important for enamel remineralization (Tungare & Paranjpe). Calcium is a crucial mineral that forms the structural component of enamel, while phosphorus helps to enhance enamel strength by aiding in its repair process (Tungare & Paranjpe). Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are excellent sources of calcium, and incorporating them into the diet can aid in maintaining strong enamel (Tungare & Paranjpe). Working alongside calcium, phosphorus is essential for building and maintaining healthy teeth and bones. It plays a key role in the mineralization of dental enamel, helping to strengthen teeth and prevent decay. Together with calcium, phosphorus supports the overall integrity and health of dental structures (DeFabio). Foods high in phosphorus, such as nuts, seeds, and lean proteins, thus play an important role in sustaining dental health (DeFabio). Fluoride is another vital mineral that strengthens tooth enamel by making it more resistant to decay and cavities. It does so by inhibiting acid production from bacteria in the mouth. Fluoride is commonly found in toothpaste, mouth rinses, and some drinking water, underscoring its importance in daily dental care (DeFabio). Fluoride can be provided into the diet through tablets or drops but requires parental commitment and carries a risk of mild fluorosis, a condition where white and brown spots appear on your teeth if ingested in excess (Naylor 258). Topical fluoride from toothpaste is also beneficial, but excessive swallowing, especially by young children, can contribute to fluorosis (Naylor 258).
Proteins are crucial for the repair and maintenance of tissues throughout the body, including those in the mouth. Together with calcium, phosphorus helps ensure the integrity of dental structures, promoting both strong teeth and resilient gums (DeFabio). Lean protein sources such as poultry, fish, and legumes are not only beneficial for overall health.
In addition to the vital nutrients that support oral health, such as calcium and phosphorus, saliva plays a crucial role in oral health by providing a natural defense mechanism against tooth decay and gum disease. It helps neutralize acids produced by bacteria in the mouth, which can erode enamel. It also aids in the digestion of food and helps form a protective barrier on the teeth, reducing the risk of dental caries. Certain nutrients can help stimulate saliva production, further enhancing oral health. For example, the fibrous texture of crunchy fruits and vegetables, such as apples and carrots, promotes saliva flow (Tungare & Paranjpe). Additionally, chewing sugar-free gum can boost saliva production, offering further benefits for oral hygiene (Tungare & Paranjpe).
Tooth enamel, the hard outer layer of teeth, protects teeth from decay. However, enamel can be demineralized by acids produced from consuming sugary and acidic foods. The repair and strengthening of enamel are supported by various nutrients. Calcium and phosphorus are particularly important for enamel remineralization. Calcium is a key mineral that forms the structural component of enamel, while phosphorus helps to enhance enamel strength by aiding in its repair process (Tungare & Paranjpe). Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are excellent sources of calcium, and incorporating them into the diet can aid in maintaining strong enamel (Tungare & Paranjpe).
III. Foods and Dental Decay
Dental decay is a common oral health problem caused by bacteria in the mouth that break down carbohydrates, primarily sugars, into acids that can erode tooth enamel and lead to cavity formation (Naylor 257). Research on the role of diet in dental decay is primarily conducted on animals due to the challenges of human studies, so it must be interpreted cautiously when applied to humans (Naylor 257). Recent human studies indicate that calcium and phosphate plays a significant role in promoting oral health and preventing decay and counteracting the effects of bacterial acids, providing a more direct human application (Fiyaz et al. 456).
From prior research on animals, it has been observed that diet can significantly influence dental decay by either promoting or inhibiting it (Naylor 257). While more is known about how diet promotes decay, understanding its inhibitory effects is equally crucial (Naylor 257). Dietary elements that inhibit decay include fluoride, an element common in water, minerals, and vitamins (Naylor 258). Furthermore, studies suggest that optimal dietary minerals such as calcium to phosphorus ratio (Ca:P) may exist for decay prevention (Naylor, 258). Calcium and phosphorus may also act locally to promote remineralization of tooth surfaces (Naylor 258). Some phosphate compounds like dicalcium phosphate and calcium glycerophosphate have been explored for their potential decay-reducing effects and promoting tooth remineralization, with mixed results (Naylor 259). Findings were complicated by varying control groups as dicalcium phosphate showed a small reduction in cavities and calcium glycerophosphate raised calcium and phosphate levels in plaque (Naylor 259). Only phosphate showed major improvement (Naylor 259). The evidence for these findings are inconclusive, it is not recommended to incorporate them into daily diet over proven methods such as fluoride treatments (Naylor 259).
Contrastingly, dietary elements that promote decay include carbohydrates such as simple sugars like sucrose, more commonly known as table sugar, which are the main dietary culprits in promoting decay (Naylor 261). Interestingly, the frequency of sugar consumption is more important than the total amount thus, sugary snacks throughout the day are particularly harmful (Naylor 261). Recent studies have shown that when saliva is elevated in calcium and phosphate levels, the remineralization process is enhanced, and more resistant to decay (Fiyaz et al. 456). It helps to counteract the effects of acid produced by bacterial activity that can lead to tooth demineralization and decay (Fiyaz et al. 457). Adequate levels of minerals in saliva can be beneficial (Fiyaz et al. 457).
IV. Preventing Dental Decay Through Nutrition
There are many ways to prevent dental decay such as ensuring a proper diet that has healthy foods like fruits (Moynihan & Petersen 201). Research has demonstrated that one of the key consequences of dental decay is tooth loss, which is mainly associated with a low intake of fruits and vegetables (Moynihan & Petersen 202). Despite the sugar content and acidic nature of fruits, they promote less tooth decay than sucrose (Moynihan & Petersen 215). Thus, increasing fruit consumption to reduce external sources of sugars can decrease the likelihood of dental decay, partly due to the low cariogenicity of fruit (Moynihan & Petersen 215). However, it is important to note that fruit juices are more erosive than whole fruits (Moynihan & Petersen 217). For example, in the UK, there has been an 800-fold increase in the amount of fruit juices consumed, leading to erosion (Moynihan & Petersen 217).
Water also plays a vital role in dental health. Just as water is essential for overall bodily function, it helps to maintain adequate saliva levels, and a lack of saliva can create an environment conducive to oral disease (Kim 2717). In a study that measured the correlation between water intake and oral health, researchers found that a mere reduction of water intake by one cup per day led to an increase in dental caries by approximately 1.075 each time (Kim 2724). This result shows how significant water intake is for tooth health, and minor reductions in daily water intake can lead to terrible oral health in the future (Kim 2724). Additionally, factors such as the duration of contact with the oral cavity, can also contribute to caries. Prolonged exposure of tooth surfaces to cariogenic compounds from beverages shortens the period available for remineralization for the teeth (Touger-Decker & van Loveren 888). While further research continues regarding how to have good oral health, some recommendations from researchers include eating a balanced diet, rinsing your mouth with water and drinking, not sipping, sugary drinks (Touger-Decker & van Loveren 890).
Unfortunately, oral health disparities make it extremely hard to maintain dental health due to the increased consumption of dietary sugars and fatty foods (Mobley et al. 410). While dental care providers educate families on healthy eating behaviors, more effort is needed to overcome oral health disparities for families who live in poverty and do not have access to nutritional food due to high costs and other socioeconomic factors (Mobley et al. 410). To address the gap, the government and healthcare professionals must work together to support oral health through community resources and incentives on nutritional food (Mobley et al. 413).
V. Conclusion
In conclusion, nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining oral health and preventing dental decay. A balanced diet rich in essential vitamins and minerals—such as vitamins A, C, D, calcium, phosphorus, and fluoride—supports the structure and function of the teeth and gums. These nutrients not only strengthen tooth enamel but also contribute to overall gum health and the body's ability to repair oral tissues (DeFabio; Tungare & Paranjpe). Additionally, water can be extremely beneficial as it helps to maintain an environment that promotes good oral health (Kim 2717). Conversely, the consumption of sugary and acidic foods can exacerbate dental decay by eroding enamel and promoting the growth of harmful bacteria (Naylor 257). Therefore, understanding and managing dietary choices is vital in safeguarding against oral health issues. To promote optimal oral health, it is essential to adopt healthy eating habits that include consuming nutrient-rich foods, maintaining adequate saliva production, and limiting foods and beverages that contribute to decay. Coupled with regular brushing, flossing, and dental checkups, these practices can significantly reduce the risk of dental problems and support long-term oral well-being.
Works Cited
DeFabio, Alan. "The Role of Nutrition in Oral Health." DeFabio Dental Design, 2023, https://defabiodentaldesign.com/role-of-nutrition-in-oral-health/.
Fiyaz, Mohamed, et al. “Association of Salivary Calcium, Phosphate, pH and Flow Rate on Oral Health: A Study on 90 Subjects.” Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, vol. 17, no. 4, Jan. 2013, p. 454. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124x.118316.
Kim, Yu-Rin. “Analysis of the effect of daily water intake on Oral Health: Result from seven waves of a population-based panel study.” Water, vol. 13, no. 19, 1 Oct. 2021,
pp. 2716–2726, https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192716.
Mobley, Connie, et al. “The contribution of dietary factors to dental caries and disparities in caries.” Academic Pediatrics, vol. 9, no. 6, Nov. 2009, pp. 410–414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2009.09.008.
Moynihan, Paula, and Poul Erik Petersen. “Diet, nutrition and the Prevention of Dental diseases.” Public Health Nutrition, vol. 7, no. 1a, Feb. 2004, pp. 201–226, https://doi.org/10.1079/phn2003589.
Naylor, M N. “Nutrition and dental decay.” The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol. 43, no. 3, Sept. 1984, pp. 257–63, https://doi.org/10.1079/pns19840060.
“Photograph of an apple and teeth model.” Kraklow Quality Dentistry, 24 Sept. 2021, kraklowqualitydentistry.com/2021/08/21/how-does-my-diet-affect-my-oral-health.
Tungare, Shashidhar, and Anup G. Paranjpe. "Diet and Nutrition to Prevent Dental Problems." National Library of Medicine, 2023, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534248/.
Touger-Decker, Riva, and Cor Van Loveren. “Sugars and dental caries.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 78, no. 4, Oct. 2003, pp. 881–892, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.4.881s.
Comments